(2R,4R,5R,6R)-5-[(2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)-4-[(2R,3S,4S,5S,6R)-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-4-[(2S,4S,5R,6R)-5-acetamido-2-carboxy-4-hydroxy-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1S)-1-[2-aminoethoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxyethyl]-3-hydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1R)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-2,4-dihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid

C61H104N3O51P — CID 171125447

About (2R,4R,5R,6R)-5-[(2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)-4-[(2R,3S,4S,5S,6R)-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-4-[(2S,4S,5R,6R)-5-acetamido-2-carboxy-4-hydroxy-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1S)-1-[2-aminoethoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxyethyl]-3-hydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1R)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-2,4-dihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid

(2R,4R,5R,6R)-5-[(2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)-4-[(2R,3S,4S,5S,6R)-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-4-[(2S,4S,5R,6R)-5-acetamido-2-carboxy-4-hydroxy-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1S)-1-[2-aminoethoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxyethyl]-3-hydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1R)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-2,4-dihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid (PubChem CID 171125447) has the molecular formula C61H104N3O51P and a molecular weight of 1726.45 g/mol. Its IUPAC name is (2R,4R,5R,6R)-5-[(2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)-4-[(2R,3S,4S,5S,6R)-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-4-[(2S,4S,5R,6R)-5-acetamido-2-carboxy-4-hydroxy-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1S)-1-[2-aminoethoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxyethyl]-3-hydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1R)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-2,4-dihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid.

Molecular Properties

• Compound Name: (2R,4R,5R,6R)-5-[(2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)-4-[(2R,3S,4S,5S,6R)-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-4-[(2S,4S,5R,6R)-5-acetamido-2-carboxy-4-hydroxy-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1S)-1-[2-aminoethoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxyethyl]-3-hydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1R)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-2,4-dihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid
• PubChem CID: 171125447
• Molecular Formula: C61H104N3O51P
• Molecular Weight: 1726.45 g/mol
• Exact Mass: 1725.54
• IUPAC Name: (2R,4R,5R,6R)-5-[(2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)-4-[(2R,3S,4S,5S,6R)-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-4-[(2S,4S,5R,6R)-5-acetamido-2-carboxy-4-hydroxy-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1S)-1-[2-aminoethoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxyethyl]-3-hydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1R)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-2,4-dihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid
• SMILES: CC(=O)N[C@H]1[C@H](O[C@@H]2[C@H](O[C@]3(C(=O)O)C[C@H](O)[C@@H](NC(C)=O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO)O3)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@H]3[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]4[C@@H](O[C@@H]5[C@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H](O)CO)O[C@@](O)(C(=O)O)C[C@H]6O)O[C@H]([C@H](CO)OP(=O)(O)OCCN)[C@H]5O[C@@H]5O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]5O)O[C@H]([C@@H](O)CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]4O)O[C@@H]3CO)O[C@@H]2CO)O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O
• InChI: InChI=1S/C61H104N3O51P/c1-15(73)63-27-17(75)6-61(59(94)95,113-47(27)29(80)19(77)7-65)114-49-40(91)55(103-25(13-71)45(49)107-52-28(64-16(2)74)32(83)30(81)22(10-68)100-52)106-44-24(12-70)102-54(38(89)36(44)87)110-50-35(86)34(85)41(20(78)8-66)104-57(50)109-48-39(90)56(105-42-18(76)5-60(96,58(92)93)112-43(42)21(79)9-67)108-46(26(14-72)115-116(97,98)99-4-3-62)51(48)111-53-37(88)33(84)31(82)23(11-69)101-53/h17-57,65-72,75-91,96H,3-14,62H2,1-2H3,(H,63,73)(H,64,74)(H,92,93)(H,94,95)(H,97,98)/t17-,18+,19+,20-,21+,22+,23+,24+,25+,26-,27+,28+,29+,30-,31+,32+,33-,34-,35-,36+,37+,38+,39-,40+,41+,42+,43+,44+,45-,46+,47+,48+,49+,50-,51+,52-,53-,54-,55-,56-,57+,60+,61-/m0/s1
• InChIKey: OBYBMOCWISFJQF-BOXVGJHMSA-N
• XLogP: -20.29
• TPSA: 879.01 Ų
• H-Bond Donors: 32
• H-Bond Acceptors: 49
• Rotatable Bonds: 36
• Heavy Atoms: 116
• Complexity: —

Lipinski Rule of Five

3 violations

Rule	Value
MW ≤ 500	1726.45
LogP ≤ 5	-20.29
H-Bond Donors ≤ 5	32
H-Bond Acceptors ≤ 10	49

Computed Properties (RDKit)

• Structural Alerts: {'alert_name': 'phosphor', 'substructure': 'N/A'}

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the IUPAC name of (2R,4R,5R,6R)-5-[(2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)-4-[(2R,3S,4S,5S,6R)-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-4-[(2S,4S,5R,6R)-5-acetamido-2-carboxy-4-hydroxy-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1S)-1-[2-aminoethoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxyethyl]-3-hydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1R)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-2,4-dihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid?

The IUPAC name of (2R,4R,5R,6R)-5-[(2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)-4-[(2R,3S,4S,5S,6R)-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-4-[(2S,4S,5R,6R)-5-acetamido-2-carboxy-4-hydroxy-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1S)-1-[2-aminoethoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxyethyl]-3-hydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1R)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-2,4-dihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid (CID 171125447) is (2R,4R,5R,6R)-5-[(2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)-4-[(2R,3S,4S,5S,6R)-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-4-[(2S,4S,5R,6R)-5-acetamido-2-carboxy-4-hydroxy-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1S)-1-[2-aminoethoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxyethyl]-3-hydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1R)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-2,4-dihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid.

What is the SMILES notation for (2R,4R,5R,6R)-5-[(2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)-4-[(2R,3S,4S,5S,6R)-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-4-[(2S,4S,5R,6R)-5-acetamido-2-carboxy-4-hydroxy-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1S)-1-[2-aminoethoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxyethyl]-3-hydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1R)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-2,4-dihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid?

The canonical SMILES for (2R,4R,5R,6R)-5-[(2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)-4-[(2R,3S,4S,5S,6R)-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-4-[(2S,4S,5R,6R)-5-acetamido-2-carboxy-4-hydroxy-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1S)-1-[2-aminoethoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxyethyl]-3-hydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1R)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-2,4-dihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid is CC(=O)N[C@H]1[C@H](O[C@@H]2[C@H](O[C@]3(C(=O)O)C[C@H](O)[C@@H](NC(C)=O)[C@H]([C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO)O3)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@H]3[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O[C@@H]4[C@@H](O[C@@H]5[C@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H](O)CO)O[C@@](O)(C(=O)O)C[C@H]6O)O[C@H]([C@H](CO)OP(=O)(O)OCCN)[C@H]5O[C@@H]5O[C@H](CO)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]5O)O[C@H]([C@@H](O)CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]4O)O[C@@H]3CO)O[C@@H]2CO)O[C@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O.

What is the InChIKey of (2R,4R,5R,6R)-5-[(2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)-4-[(2R,3S,4S,5S,6R)-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-4-[(2S,4S,5R,6R)-5-acetamido-2-carboxy-4-hydroxy-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1S)-1-[2-aminoethoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxyethyl]-3-hydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1R)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-2,4-dihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid?

The InChIKey is OBYBMOCWISFJQF-BOXVGJHMSA-N. The full InChI is InChI=1S/C61H104N3O51P/c1-15(73)63-27-17(75)6-61(59(94)95,113-47(27)29(80)19(77)7-65)114-49-40(91)55(103-25(13-71)45(49)107-52-28(64-16(2)74)32(83)30(81)22(10-68)100-52)106-44-24(12-70)102-54(38(89)36(44)87)110-50-35(86)34(85)41(20(78)8-66)104-57(50)109-48-39(90)56(105-42-18(76)5-60(96,58(92)93)112-43(42)21(79)9-67)108-46(26(14-72)115-116(97,98)99-4-3-62)51(48)111-53-37(88)33(84)31(82)23(11-69)101-53/h17-57,65-72,75-91,96H,3-14,62H2,1-2H3,(H,63,73)(H,64,74)(H,92,93)(H,94,95)(H,97,98)/t17-,18+,19+,20-,21+,22+,23+,24+,25+,26-,27+,28+,29+,30-,31+,32+,33-,34-,35-,36+,37+,38+,39-,40+,41+,42+,43+,44+,45-,46+,47+,48+,49+,50-,51+,52-,53-,54-,55-,56-,57+,60+,61-/m0/s1.

What are the key properties of (2R,4R,5R,6R)-5-[(2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)-4-[(2R,3S,4S,5S,6R)-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-4-[(2S,4S,5R,6R)-5-acetamido-2-carboxy-4-hydroxy-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1S)-1-[2-aminoethoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxyethyl]-3-hydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1R)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-2,4-dihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid?

(2R,4R,5R,6R)-5-[(2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)-4-[(2R,3S,4S,5S,6R)-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-4-[(2S,4S,5R,6R)-5-acetamido-2-carboxy-4-hydroxy-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1S)-1-[2-aminoethoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxyethyl]-3-hydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1R)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-2,4-dihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid has a molecular weight of 1726.45 g/mol, XLogP of -20.29, 36 rotatable bonds, 32 hydrogen bond donors, and 49 hydrogen bond acceptors.

Where does this data come from?

All data for (2R,4R,5R,6R)-5-[(2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)-4-[(2R,3S,4S,5S,6R)-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-4-[(2S,4S,5R,6R)-5-acetamido-2-carboxy-4-hydroxy-6-[(1R,2R)-1,2,3-trihydroxypropyl]oxan-2-yl]oxy-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1S)-1-[2-aminoethoxy(hydroxy)phosphoryl]oxy-2-hydroxyethyl]-3-hydroxy-5-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(1R)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-2,4-dihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid is sourced from PubChem (CID 171125447), the world's largest open chemistry database maintained by the National Library of Medicine (NIH).